CENTER FOR COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES STUDIES
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

BIO-PHYSICAL IMPACTS AND LINKS TO INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT SUSTAINABILITY IN BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA

PATRICK CHRISTIE - School of Marine Affairs and Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies University of Washington 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle WA, 98105-6715, USA e-mail: patrickc@u. Washington.edu DAISY MAKAPEDUA AND L.T.X. LALAMENTIK Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Sam Ratulangi University Manado, Indonesia

Abstract - Marine protected areas (Maps) are one of the most commonly utilized management tools of holistic Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) projects. The social and biological impacts of Maps are the subject of vigorous debate. Buna ken National Park (BNP), in northern Indonesia, is considered a successful example of marine conservation in Indonesia Development (USAID). Research on coral coverage and fish abundance and diversity was conducted in BNP zones actively managed for different purposes. Main Island, while inside BNP, does not have no- take areas where fishing is prohibited. Perhaps surprising for advocates of marine protected areas and contrary to the growing pro- MPA literature, the condition of Main?s reefs and fish populations are comparable to no-take areas intensively managed for dive tourism. It appears that extensive seaweed culturing may be drawing people away from fishing, which may explain the good condition of Main?s reefs. Social research utilizing interviews of diverse informants- including park residents, tourism sector workers, government officials, and non- government organization staff- and review of park related publications, suggests that?s the current park management regime has prioritized ecotourism or dive tourism as the principal engine toward conservation. The project has, until this point, generally left unexplored other logical means to support conservation such as seaweed Mari culture as practiced by main residents. The central conclusion is not that seaweed culturing is the key to conservation, rather that the selection of particular ICM and MPA management tools may have unanticipated biological and social consequences. Also, if left unresolved, tensions associated with implementation of the current zonation scheme have the potential to undermine long-term process sustainability This study suggests that further social assessments of BNP residents and their opinions necessary. Keywords: Bio-physical impacts, ICM Sustainability Buna ken National Park.

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FACTORS INFULENCING THE SUSTAINABLILITY OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN CENTRAL JAVA AND NORTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA

RICHARD POLINAC - Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island ROBERT POMEROY AND LEAH BUNCE ICM Sustainability Research Project, University of Washington Affiliations with: ERWIANTONO, RILUS KINSENG, TARYONO KODIRAN AND PARYONO Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia FONCE KALIGIS, JANNY POLII, JETY RANGAN, EFFENDI SITANGGANG AND SRIE SONDAKH Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

Abstract - The paper examines factors influencing sustainability of integrated coastal management projects in Central Java and North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Specifically, the Coastal Resources Management Project (CRM) and the Segara Anakan Conservation and Development Project (PMO) in the Cilacap area and the Natural Resources Management project (NRMP-1) in Bunaken were examined to determine factors influencing project sustainability. Indicators for ICM project activities and impacts are developed and analyzed to determine their relationships with ICM project sustainability indicators. Findings suggest that the most important factors influencing ICM project sustainability are individual and community participation in project planning and implementation. This participation is influenced by perceived benefits. Keyword: ICM Project Indicators, Segara Anakan-Cilacap,Bunaken National Park.

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ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECTS: A CBA- DEA APROACH

AKHMAD FAUZI AND SUZY ANNA Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia E-mail: \n This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it Alamat e-mail ini dilindungi dari spambot, anda harus memampukan JavaScript untuk melihatnya

Abstract - Sustainability is a key factor in ensuring coastal and marine resource management. However, achieving as well as assessing the sustainability is not an easy task. Complexities and controversies surrounding its concept hinder practical usefulness of using some methodologies of measuring sustainability. This paper attempts to employ a different approach of assessing the sustainability of coastal and marine resource management through cost-benefit analysis combined with Data Envelopment Analysis (CBA-DEA). In this paper, non-monetary as well as monetary indicators are used to measure the benefits and costs associated whit coastal projects. Using Cilacap, Central Java as a study area, the paper explores the benefit that could be secured from integrated coastal management projects as well as the coasts that must be borne by stakeholders. Keywords:ICM sustainability, CBA-DEA approach, Segara Anakan-Cilacap

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SUSTAINABILITY AND THE QUESTION OF "ENFORCEMENT" IN Integrated coastal management: the case of nain Island, bunaken national park

Celia lowe Departement of Anthropology Box 353100 University of Wasington Settle, Wa. 94706

Abstract - Within the larger project on sustainability of ICM processes this volume is dedicated to, this paper examines relation ships between sustainability, community participation, and social justice. Recent discourses and practices of enforcement are examined in Bunaken National Park through the histories of NRMP and NRM II While the focus of NRMP was on the participation of Bunaken?s communities within the park, NRM II has moved to a wider concept of stakeholder participation to include business, government, as well as some community interests. In doing so, the energy of the project has shifted toward building alliances around enforcement to protect the park from destructive fishing practices. An alternative to the enforcement paradigm is subsequently examined through the example of Nain Island. On Nain, the majority of residents have moved from fishing to seaweed production. Rather than viewing this change as an opportunity for collaboration with Nain residents, the project continues to view Nain people as a threat to conservation. This paper questions whether the particular configuration of a foreign donor organization, elite Indonesian businesses interests, and state power found in the current Bunaken management initiative is either appropriate or sustainable. It also argues that the new enforcement paradigm in Indonesia and within the park in particular, cannot be understood outside of wider recent and colonial histories of militarized violence and control over Indonesia?s peoples and environments. Keywords: ICM sustainability, Enforcement in ICM, Nain Island, Bunaken National Park.

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COMUNITIES AND SUSTAINABILITY SHIFTINGF IMPLICATIONS

LEILA SIEVANEN - Departement of Anthropology, University of Washington Box 353100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA Email: \n This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it Alamat e-mail ini dilindungi dari spambot, anda harus memampukan JavaScript untuk melihatnya

Abstract - Tourism has been promoted by various agencies as a sustainable development mechanism for advancing social economic and environmental objectives in development countries. However, alternative view of tourism sees this as mechanism for the introduction of international capital and state power causing the subsequent marginalization of previous resource users. In Buna ken National Park, Indonesia, tourism has increased dramatically between 1970 and the present. Traditionally communities living within the park boundaries have depended on fishing as their primary source of income. However, the economy has recently shifted towards a tourism focus. This Paper examines this economic shift and the resulting social and ecological effects. By tracing the history of tourism and the role of integrated coastal management (ICM) projects in rearranging relationships in the area. I argue that tourism does not inherently signify the marginalization of previous resource users. In order to understand why marginalization occurs, one must understand the interests of the individuals involved in a given project and the political marginalization of resource-dependent actors has important implications for the sustainability of ICM projects. Keywords: Shifting Communities, ICM Sustainability, Bunaken National Park

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THE ROLE OF AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS IN DETERMINING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN INDONESIA

JASON PATLIS Coastal Resources Management Project-CRMP/Proyek Pesisir Jakarta Coastal Resources Center ? University of Rhode Island

Abstract - On of several papers exploring factors relating to sustainability of integrated coastal management (ICM) in Indonesia, this paper specifically looks at the role of law in promoting ICM sustainability. The paper first paints general legal landscape governing coastal resources in Indonesia. Specifically, it discuses the recent laws relating to decentralization, and higlighlihrs some of the dichotomies created in the effort to delegate management authorities to regional governments within a unitary form government. It then discusses legal issues specifically relating to management of coastal resources, highlighting the conflicts that arise among the vast body of sect oral laws, and analyzing why those conflicts are so prevalent and so difficult to resolve. The conclusion is that ICM sustainability is hampered by systemic issues within the legal system relating to statutory drafting, interpretation and resolution, independent of more commonly perceived failures of implementation and enforcement. The second part of the paper applies this theory to the case study of Bunaken National Marine Park. It describes the original regional legal framework governing the area and resources, and the central government?s effort to superimpose an entirely new legal framework on the area in the form of the national park. The work of NRM I was limited by these dichotomous frameworks, evidenced in shortcomings in the process and content of the management plan governing the park. The paper then draws comparisons with the relative successes of NRM II, which has better adjusted to the existing legal framework, which itself has been improved through decentralization. Using the examples of NRM I and NRM II the paper draws conclusion for future projects in addressing the legal frameworks in which they will operate. Keywords: Law and Legal Institutions, ICM Sustainability, Bunaken National Park.

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INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DECENTRALIZEN COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA

MAURICE KNIGHT - Coastal Resources Management Project-CRMP/Proyek Pesisir Jakarta Coastal Resources Center  University of Rhode Island e-mail: \n This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it Alamat e-mail ini dilindungi dari spambot, anda harus memampukan JavaScript untuk melihatnya KEM LOWRY University of Hawaii

Abstract - In 1999 Indonesia enacted sweeping laws that decentralized management control over natural resources, including coastal and marine resources to regional governments (district and provincial). These laws largely implemented by 2001, although the legal framework continues to be elaborated. This radical step followed over thirty years of strong central government controls over planning, budgeting, government staffing and civil service administration. Because of the lack of preparation and coordination prior to decentralization, many predicted disastrous results. Some aspects of the decentralization process have been relatively smooth. However, overall decentralization has been accompanied by significant confusion among government agencies. This confusion is only partially the result of the recent change in the government structure. Pre-excising weaknesses in institutional roles and relationships have been amplified by rapid decentralization. This paper examines general elements of Indonesia institutional structures, capacity and relationships under decentralization as they relate to coastal management. It is intended for audiences not completely familiar with decentralization in Indonesia and perhaps those who may be familiar but not knowledgeable about the details of Indonesia institutional relationships. Institutional structures and relationships concerned with coastal resources management in Indonesia are shaped by the constitution, laws and administrative directives. A companion paper to this one (see Patlis, 2003) provides a more detailed analysis of this legal landscape. This paper focuses more on the resulting aspects of institutional capacity and relationships and reflects the authors? direct observations and personal experience in the implementation of USAID;s Coastal Resources Mangement Program (CRMP)